Teks explanation

1. Explanation ( Penjelasan )
a. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)
Menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang terkait dengan fenomena dunia ilmiah, sosial-budaya, atau yang bertujuan menjelaskan.
b. Struktur Teks (Text Structure)
1 Penjelasan umum
2 Penjelasan proses
3 Penutup
c. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
1 General dan abstrac nouns , misalnya word chopping, earthquakes;
2 Actions verbs;
3 Simple present tense;
4 Passive voice;


5 Conjunctions of time dan cause;
6 Nouns phrase, misalnya the large cloud;
7 Abstract nouns, misalnya the temperature;.
8 Adverbial phrases;
9 Complex sentences;
10 Bahasa teknis ;
11 Kalimat pasif (passive voice)

Contoh dan Struktur Teks Explaination
Making Paper from Woodchips
Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products form forest tree.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
Next the tops and and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill.
At the mill, the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper wich cuts them into pieces called woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.at this stage they are either exported in this form or damaged into pulp by chemical and heat
The pulp then bleached and the water content is removed
Finally, the pulp is rolled out to make paper

sumber http://elc-englishlanguagecorner.blogspot.com
reposted by dita

Macam-macam Teks

Macam-macam Teks

NARRATIVE, RECOUNT, REPORT, PROCEDURE, dan DESCRIPTION.

1. Teks Descriptive: Teks yang mendeskripsikan benda, orang, tempat, secara spesifik.
Generic Structure nya: Identification - Description
Identification berisi: Identifikasi tentang topik yang akan dideskripsikan, misalnya: I have many pets, but my favourite one is a cat.
Description berisi: deskripsi rinci tentang bagian - bagiannya, misalnya tentang physical appearance (ciri - ciri fisik), sifat - sifatnya (characteristics)dll.
Contoh judul teks deskriptif:

Hi friends! This is my friend Miranda. She comes from Sulawesi. She was born in Makasar on June 12, 1980. her hobbies are singing and swimming. She also likes planting flowers very much. She lives at 12 Jalan Jaya. She lives together with her parents and two sisters. They are Mr. and Mrs Yudhatama, Sherina and Tiara.

Miranda studies at SMP 7. Her older sister is in the first year

of SMA, and Tiara is still in SD. They all love one another.

2. Teks Procedure: Teks yang menjelaskan atau memberi petunjuk cara/langkah – langkah membuat atau melakukan sesuatu.
Generic Structure: Aim/Goal - Materials/Tools - Steps/Methods
Aim/Goal, misalnya: How to make Brownies Cake
Materials berisi: bahan - bahan dan atau alat - alat untuk membuat Brownies tersebut
Note: Materials are not required for all Procedure text
Steps/Methods berisi: langkah - langkah membuat Brownies


Contoh Teks Procedure:

How to make Lemonade

Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water
Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar
5. Add water and stir well
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade

atau :
HOW TO MAKE PEANUT CRUNCH

What you’ll need :
v 1 cup of peanuts
v 3 cups of brown sugar
v 2 tablespoons of vinegar
v 1 cup of water

What to do :
Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.
Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved
Add peanuts , increase the heat and allow to boil
Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown
Allow bubbles to settle
Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.

Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people

3. Teks Narrative: Teks yang berisi tentang sebuah cerita atau dongeng dan di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian.

Generic Structure: Orientation - Complication - Resolution

Orientation berisi: Pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita
Complication berisi: Puncak masalah/konflik dalam cerita
Resolution: Pemecahan masalah
Contoh teks Narrative:
The Boy who cried “Wolf”
There was once a shepherd-boy who kept his flock at a little distance from the village. Once he thought he would play a trick on the villagers and have some fun at their expense. So he ran toward the village crying out, with all his might,--

"Wolf! Wolf! Come and help! The wolves are at my lambs!"
The kind villagers left their work and ran to the field to help him. But when they got there the boy laughed at them for their pains; there was no wolf there.
Still another day the boy tried the same trick, and the villagers came running to help and got laughed at again. Then one day a wolf did break into the fold and began killing the lambs. In great fright, the boy ran for help. "Wolf! Wolf!" he screamed. "There is a wolf in the flock! Help!"
The villagers heard him, but they thought it was another mean trick; no one paid the least attention, or went near him. And the shepherd-boy lost all his sheep.
Moral value:
That is the kind of thing that happens to people who lie: even when they tell the truth no one believes them.
Atau :
Once there were two him thin goats. Both of them were hungry. They were tied together with a brown rope. They wanted to eat the green leaves from two separated bushes. One bush was on the left. The other bush was on the right.
The goats thought they could do everything on their own. The first goat wanted to go to the bush on the left, but the second goat wanted to go to the bush on the right. However, the rope was short. They tried but they could not reach they bushes. They were sad.
Then, the goats decided to work together. First, they are the leaves of the bush on the right. Then, ate the leaves on the left. The leaves were delicious. They were happy.

4. Teks Recount: Teks yang berisi kejadian/ pengalaman di waktu lampau.
Generic Structure: Orientation - Even(s)
Orientation berisi: Pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu.
Event (s) berisi: Kejadian/Peristiwa - peristiwa yang terjadi.
Re-orientation(Optional/Tidak harus ada): Ungkapan pribadi penulis atau penutup dari cerita.


Contoh Teks Recount:

CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.
We had a great day.

Atau :

An Excursion to the Botanical Garden

On Thursday 24 April we went to the Botanical Garden. We walked down and boarded the bus.
After we arrived at the garden, we walked down to the Education Centre. The third grade students went to have alook around. First, we went to the first farm and Mrs. James read us some information. Then, we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot on the Botanical Garden and had a morning tea break.
Next, we did sketching and then we met the fourth grade students at the Education Centre to have lunch. Soon after that, it was time for us to go and make our terrariums while the fourth year students went to have a walk.
A lady took us into a special room and introduced herself. Then she explained what we were going to do. Next, she took us to a pyramid terrarium. It was really interesting.
After we had finished, we met the fourth grade students outside the gardens. Then we reboarded the bus and returned to school.

5. Teks Report: Teks yang isinya menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana.

Generic Structure: General Classification - Description
General Classification berisi: Klasifikasi suatu fenomena (binatang, public places, tanaman, dll) yang akan didiskusikan/ dilaporkan secara umum .
Description berisi: Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian – bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural.

Contoh Teks Report:

The heart is the most important part of the body. It is the center of life. However, the heart is only as big as a closed hand.
The heart is a muscle and it beats about seventy times per minute throughthout a person’s life.
The heart pumps blood from your heart to all parts of your body. The heart is made up of four chambers or small “rooms”. The top chamber are called the right and left auriclesand the botttom chambers are the right and left ventricles.
When blood enters the heart. It is in dark reddish color because it countains carbon dioxide. The blood enters the right auricle and then the right ventricle. When the heart contracts, it forces the blood to the lungs where the blood receives oxygen. It then goes to the left auricle. The heart contracts again, and the blood goes to the left ventricle and is then forced out into the body. The blood gathers carbon dioxide and returns to the heart, and the process begins again.

source @http://elc-englishlanguagecorner.blogspot.com/2008/01/macam-macam-teks.html
reposted by dita

Example of Narrative text

A Legend of Candy Cane

A candy maker in Indiana wanted to make a candy that would be a witness, so he made the Christmas Candy Cane. He incorporated several symbols for the birth, ministry, and death of Jesus Christ.

He began with a stick of pure white, hard candy. White to symbolize the Virgin Birth and the sinless nature of Jesus, and hard to symbolize the Solid Rock, the foundation of the church, and firmness of the promises of God.

The candy maker made the candy in the form of a "J" to represent the precious name of Jesus, who came to earth as our Savior. It also represents the staff of the "Good Shepherd" with which He reaches down into the ditches of the world to lift out the fallen lambs who, like all sheep, have gone astray.

Thinking that the candy was somewhat plain, the candy maker stained it with red stripes. He used the tree small stripes to show the stripes of the scourging Jesus received by which we are healed. The large red stripe was for the blood shed by Jesus on the Cross so that we could have the promise of eternal life, if only we put our faith and trust in Him. Unfortunately, the candy became known as a Candy Cane - a meaningless decoration seen at Christmas time. But the meaning is still there for those who "have eyes to see and ears to hear".

JENIS-JENIS TEXT (READING GENRE)

A. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Ø    Pengertian : Teks yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan suatu benda, tempat atau orang tertentu.
Ø    Struktur teks :
1.    Identification (Identifikasi), yaitu pendahuluan yang berisi “apa” dan “siapa” yang akan dideskripsikan.
2.    Description (Deskripsi), berisi cirri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki benda, tempat atau orang yang dideskripsikan.
Ciri-ciri :
1.    Menggunakan Simple Present Tense
2.    Menggunakan atribut verb seperti to be (is, am, are)

B. PROCEDURE TEXT
Ø    Pengertian : Teks yang bertujuan untuk menerangkan bagaimana cara membuat atau melakukan sesuatu berdasarkan langkah-langkah tertentu (steps).
Ø    Struktur teks :
1.    Aim/goal (Tujuan), judul.
2.    Materials, berisi alat dan bahan yang diperlukan, meskipun tidak semua teks procedure memerlukan tahap ini. Bagian ini biasanya diberi label ingredients, you’ll need, atau supplies needed.
3.    Steps, yaitu langkah-langkah untuk melakukan kegiatan, bagian ini dinamakan juga “What to do”.
Ø    Ciri-ciri :
1.    Menggunakan Simple Present Tense, biasanya berbentuk kalimat imperative
2.    Menggunakan kata hubung temporal (first, second, then, next, finally)
3.    Menggunakan action verbs (turn on, stir, cook)

C. REPORT
Ø    Pengertian : Teks yang menjelaskan sesuatu secara umum, seperti berbagai benda atau fenomena alam maupun sosial yang terjadi di sekitar kita.
Ø    Struktur teks :
1.    General classification (Klasifikasi umum), merupakan pengantar tentang sesuatu atau fenomena yang akan dibahas.
2.    Description (Deskripsi), menerangkan sesuatu atau fenomena yang dibahas, meliputi bagian-bagian, kualitas dan perilaku.
Ø    Ciri-ciri :
1.    Menggunakan Simple Present Tense kecuali jika sudah lampau menggunakan Simple Past Tense
2.    Menggunakan action verbs (surround, make, begin, etc.)

D. NARRATIVE TEXT
Ø    Pengertian : Teks yang menceritakan sesuatu yang bersifat imajinatif, bertujuan untuk menghibur pembaca.
Ø    Struktur teks :
1.    Orientation (Pendahuluan), memperkenalkan tokoh-tokoh dalam cerita, latar dan waktu.
2.    Complication, yaitu munculnya permasalahn diantara tokoh-tokoh.
3.    Resolution, penyelesaian atau pemecahan masalah.
4.    Re-orientation, penutup atau rangkuman.
Ø    Ciri-ciri :
1.    Menggunakan Simple Past Tense
2.    Biasanya dimulai dengan Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu). Misalnya long time ago, once upon a time, in afar away land, dan lain sebagainya.
3.    Menggunakan kata hubung (conjunction) seperti then, after that, before

E. RECOUNT
Ø    Pengertian : Teks yang bercerita tentang kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah berlalu atau lampau, biasanya tentang pengalaman pribadi penulis.
Ø    Struktur teks :
1.    Orientation (Orientasi), berisi pendahuluan tentang tokoh yang ada dalam cerita tersebut, peristiwa yang terjadi, serta tempat dan waktu peristiwa itu terjadi.
2.    Events, berisi tentang jalinan peristiwa atau kejadian yang ada dalam cerita pengalaman tersebut. Bagian ini dapat terdiri dari beberapa events.
3.    Re-orientation, berisi rangkuman atau penutup cerita.
Ø    Ciri-ciri :
1.    Menggunakan Simple Past Tense
2.    Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction), seperti then, before, after

Referensi: Buku kerja Logic Ugama “The Quickest and Easiest Solution”

ellipsis (grammar and rhetoric)

Definition: In grammar and rhetoric, the omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. Adjective: elliptical or elliptic. Plural, ellipses.

Etymology:

From the Greek, "to leave out" or "fall short"

Examples and Observations:

• "Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something."
  (Plato)
• "Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater."
  (William Hazlitt)
• "Ellipsis can be an artful and arresting means of securing economy of expression. We must see to it, however, that the understood words are grammatically compatible. If we wrote, 'The ringleader was hanged, and his accomplices imprisoned,' we would be guilty of a solecism, because the understood was is not grammatically compatible with the plural subject (accomplices) of the second clause."
  (Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999)
• "Some people go to priests; others to poetry; I to my friends."
  (Virginia Woolf)
• "Vanessa had to leave her children and come running, nurses had to be hired, rest homes interviewed, transport accomplished."
  (Cynthia Ozick, "Mrs. Virginia Woolf: A Madwoman and Her Nurse")
• "When well used, ellipsis can create a bond of sorts between the writer and the reader. The writer is saying, in effect, I needn't spell everything out for you; I know you'll understand."
  (Martha Kolln, Rhetorical Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson, 2007)
• "There is much to support the view that it is clothes that wear us, and not we, them."
  (Virginia Woolf)
• "True stories deal with hunger, imaginary ones with love."
  (Raymond Queneau)
• "The potential for unintended humor in 'compressed' English isn’t restricted to headline writing; it goes back to the days of the telegraph. One clever (though possibly apocryphal) example once appeared in the pages of Time magazine: Cary Grant received a telegram from an editor inquiring, 'HOW OLD CARY GRANT?'--to which he responded: 'OLD CARY GRANT FINE. HOW YOU?' The omitted verb may have saved the sender a nickel, but the snappy comeback was worth far more."
  (Ben Zimmer, "Crash Blossoms." The New York Times, Jan. 27, 2010)

Ellipsis in Films
"Leaving out a character's face from the frame [in a scene in a film] is a special case of ellipsis with many applications.

"When the real Hitler arrives for a gala theater night in Warsaw, Ernst Lubitsch never shows his face. We see only his back from his arrival outside to his walking into his theater box, his arm raised in salute, and the standing audience below, or now and then a very long shot. This prevents a minor character from gaining undue weight, as such a historical personage would (To Be or Not to Be)."
(N. Roy Clifton, The Figure in Film. Associated University Presses, 1983)

Pronunciation: ee-LIP-sis

Also Known As: elliptical expression, elliptical clause

elliptical expression

An elliptical expression is a group of words with certain understood words omitted. Good writers routinely use elliptical expressions. You may punctuate elliptical expressions in two ways: (1) begin the expression with a semicolon, and then insert a comma where the omitted words would have appeared or (2) for simple expressions, insert a comma before the expression but omit the comma where the omitted words would have appeared.

Here are Mr. Strunk and Mr. White using an elliptical expression when discussing restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. Notice that they opt for the simple punctuation:

•    That is the defining, or restrictive pronoun, which the nondefining, or nonrestrictive.

Here's an example using the semicolon technique:

•    Carolina has won three national titles; Duke, two.